Link in the first paragraph

https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/2023/cite/609.771

Do you have a swap partition? Is it the correct size? Also I think you can do a drive check on boot by changing an option in fstab.

I’m pretty new as well. Try looking at mounting your hard drives with /etc/fstab. You should try to mount them via UUID and put them in the /mnt folder. I’m using mint cinnamon your mileage might vary. https://wiki.debian.org/fstab

As for the integrated graphics, you might be able to disable them in BIOS.

As for the video drivers I had a lot of trouble as well and ended up having to uninstall a lot of drivers manually to get the right version to stick.